A real invention has to create its own applications. [2009-12-09]

A real invention has to create its own applications.


The principal applications of any sufficiently new and innovative technology always have been – and will continue to be – applications created by that technology.

By  Herbert Kroemer

Mentioned by  Dr. Simon M. Sze  in his seminar at CERN:
Evolution of nonvolatile semiconductor memory ∼ from floating gate to nanocrystal – by Simon M. Sze (National Chiao Tung University) [2005]



A real invention has to create its own applications.
by Dr. Simon M. Sze (施敏 博士)

A real invention has to create its own applications. ; by Dr. Simon M. Sze (施敏 博士)[2005].jpg

On Glutathione ii. A Thermostable Oxidation-Reduction System. [1922](IR92)

On Glutathione ii. A Thermostable Oxidation-Reduction System.

穀胱甘肽 - 一個具有 熱穩定性 的 氧化還原系統

Sir Frederick Hopkins, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929

By F. Gowland Hopkins and M. Dixon.
(From the Biochemical Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
England.)
(Received for publication, September 12, 1922.)

A tissue washed until it no longer "respires" will, when suitably treated and supplied with glutathione, again take up oxygen and yield carbon dioxide.

Such part of its reducing power and respiratory activity as is regained by a washed tissue on the restoration of glutathione remains almost unaffected when the tissue is heated to 100°C. or even thoroughly extracted with boiling water.

On glutathione - ii. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system [1922](IR92) (1_of_3).png
On glutathione - ii. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system [1922](IR92) (2_of_3).png
On glutathione - ii. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system [1922](IR92) (3_of_3).png
Sir Frederick Hopkins (1861~1947), The Nobel Prize in physiology or Medicine 1929; discoverer of glutathione (GSH)(IR90).jpg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, University of Cambridge; Christiaan Eijkman, Utrecht University, Netherlands.jpg

A photo worthy of serious concern (一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21]; 請協助去教導您的孩子，不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 上 做不適當的事情或行為。

A photo worthy of serious concern (一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21](IR91)

A photo worthy of serious concern (一張值得嚴重關切的照片) [2009-10-21]; 請協助去教導您的孩子，不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 上 做不適當的事情或行為。

Please help to teach your kids, do not do inappropriate things or behaviors on internet.
請協助去教導您的孩子，不要在 網際網路(互聯網) 上 做不適當的事情或行為。

Please do not redistribute this photo and please immediately delete it after you've read this email.  Thank!
請不要散佈這張照片，並請您在閱讀完這封電子郵件之後，立即刪除這封郵件。 謝謝！

Glutathione (穀胱甘肽) metabolism in brain - Metabolic interaction between astrocytes (【生】星細胞) and neurons (神經細胞) in the defense against reactive oxygen species [2000](IR92)

Glutathione (穀胱甘肽) metabolism in brain - Metabolic interaction between astrocytes (【生】星細胞) and neurons (神經細胞) in the defense against reactive oxygen species [2000](IR92)

// - - Begin memo item - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - //
(Memo Item created on September 1, 2009 01:18 PM)
- - - Begin title or keyword:
Glutathione (穀胱甘肽) metabolism in brain
Metabolic interaction between astrocytes (【生】星細胞) and neurons (神經細胞) in the defense against reactive oxygen species

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119181433/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
- - - End title or keyword:

European Journal of Biochemistry
Volume 267 Issue 16, Pages 4912 - 4916
Published Online: 25 Dec 2001

Glutathione (穀胱甘肽) metabolism in brain
Metabolic interaction between astrocytes (【生】星細胞) and neurons (神經細胞) in the defense against reactive oxygen species

Ralf Dringen, Jan M. Gutterer and Johannes Hirrlinger
Physiologisch-chemisches Institut der Universität, Tübingen, Germany (德國)
Correspondence to R. Dringen, Physiologisch-chemisches Institut der Universität, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany (德國).
Fax: +49 7071 295360, Tel.: +49 7071 2973334 , E-mail: ralf.dringen@uni-tuebingen.de

Copyright FEBS, 2000

KEYWORDS
astrocytes (【生】星細胞) • brain • glutathione (穀胱甘肽) • neurodegeneration • neurons (神經細胞)

ABSTRACT
The cells of the adult human brain consume ≈ 20% of the oxygen utilized by the body although the brain comprises only 2% of the body weight. Reactive oxygen species, which are produced continuously during oxidative metabolism, are generated at high rates within the brain. Therefore, the defense against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species is an essential task within the brain. An important component of the cellular detoxification of reactive oxygen species is the antioxidant glutathione (穀胱甘肽). The main focus of this short review is recent results on Glutathione (穀胱甘肽) metabolism of brain astrocytes (【生】星細胞) and neurons (神經細胞) in culture. These two types of cell prefer different extracellular precursors for glutathione (穀胱甘肽). glutathione (穀胱甘肽) is involved in the disposal of exogenous peroxides by astrocytes (【生】星細胞) and neurons (神經細胞). In coculture astrocytes (【生】星細胞) protect neurons (神經細胞) against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species. One mechanism of this interaction is the supply by astrocytes (【生】星細胞) of glutathione (穀胱甘肽) precursors to neurons (神經細胞).

(Received 5 January 2000, accepted 25 February 2000)

DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01597.x About DOI

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - End memo item - - //

Protein Misfolding; Oxidatively stressed and damaged mitochondria, and free radicals [2009-06-30](IR90)

Protein Misfolding; Oxidatively stressed and damaged mitochondria, and free radicals [2009-06-30](IR90)

 

Mitochondria and Free Radicals

 

Any given cell has hundreds of mitochondria. This illustration shows two—a healthy mitochondrion and an oxidatively stressed and damaged one. The arrows indicate the movement of free radicals, which can spread easily from damaged mitochondria to other parts of the cell.

 

http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1460469B-C224-4259-9004-A6FAABB5F71D/10861/03_mitochondria_lg.jpg

 

Oxidatively stressed and damaged mitochondria, and free radicals [2009-06-30](IR90) - with source URL.jpg

 

 

Protein Misfolding

http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/Unraveling/Part3/causes.htm#ProteinMisfolding

 

Researchers have found that a number of devastating neurodegenerative diseases (for example, AD, Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Huntington’s disease, and prion diseases) share a key characteristic—protein misfolding.

 

When a protein is formed, it “folds” into a unique three-dimensional shape that helps it perform its specific function. This crucial process can go wrong for various reasons, and more commonly does go wrong in aging cells. As a result, the protein folds into an abnormal shape—it is misfolded. In AD, the misfolded proteins are beta-amyloid (the cleaved product of APP; see "From APP to Beta-Amyloid Plaques" for more on the formation of beta-amyloid) and a cleaved product of tau.

 

Normally, cells repair or degrade misfolded proteins, but if many of them are formed as part of age-related changes, the body’s repair and clearance process can be overwhelmed. Misfolded proteins can begin to stick together with other misfolded proteins to form insoluble aggregates. As a result, these aggregates can build up, leading to disruption of cellular communication, and metabolism, and even to cell death. These effects may predispose a person to AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.

 

Scientists do not know exactly why or how these processes occur, but research into the unique characteristics and actions of various misfolded proteins is helping investigators learn more about the similarities and differences across age-related neurodegenerative diseases. This knowledge may someday lead to therapies.

 

...

...

 

The Aging Process

Another set of insights about the cause of AD comes from the most basic of all risk factors—aging itself. Age-related changes, such as inflammation, may make AD damage in the brain worse. Because cells and compounds that are known to be involved in inflammation are found in AD plaques, some researchers think that components of the inflammatory process may play a role in AD.

 

Mitochondria and Free Radicals

Any given cell has hundreds of mitochondria. This illustration shows two—a healthy mitochondrion and an oxidatively stressed and damaged one. The arrows indicate the movement of free radicals, which can spread easily from damaged mitochondria to other parts of the cell.

 

Other players in the aging process that may be important in AD are free radicals, which are oxygen or nitrogen molecules that combine easily with other molecules (scientists call them “highly reactive”). Free radicals are generated in mitochondria, which are structures found in all cells, including neurons.

 

Mitochondria are the cell’s power plant, providing the energy a cell needs to maintain its structure, divide, and carry out its functions. Energy for the cell is produced in an efficient metabolic process. In this process, free radicals are produced. Free radicals can help cells in certain ways, such as fighting infection. However, because they are very active and combine easily with other molecules, free radicals also can damage the neuron’s cell membrane or its DNA. The production of free radicals can set off a chain reaction, releasing even more free radicals that can further damage neurons (see illustration "Mitochondria and Free Radicals"). This kind of damage is called oxidative damage. The brain’s unique characteristics, including its high rate of metabolism and its long-lived cells, may make it especially vulnerable to oxidative damage over the lifespan. The discovery that beta-amyloid generates free radicals in some AD plaques is a potentially significant finding in the quest for better understanding of AD as well as for other neurodegenerative disorders and unhealthy brain aging.

 

 

持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素 [2009-06-18]

持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素。
Continuing research is the enabling key factor to a nation or a company's long-term success.

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 西元 2009-06-18

2009-06-18

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Keywords:
持續不斷的研究是一個國家或一個公司得以長期成功的關鍵因素

Number of attached files: 
2

致癌空窗期 [2009-05-21](IR90)

致癌空窗期 [2009-05-21](IR90)

2009-05-21
短文的標題：
致癌空窗期

思緒或靈感的來源：
「報紙在 2009-05-21 以頭版的方式報導，[蕭萬長副總統] 因為得了肺腺癌，所以在 [台北_榮總] 動手術，切除肺臟左下方之部位。 沒有吸煙、沒有抽香菸，也沒有喝酒，又經常運動，也十分重視養生，為什麼會得癌症？」

短文的內容：
[致癌空窗期]

[GSH/GSSG 的比值] 暫時性地失去平衡，因為缺乏 [L-Cystetne (半胱胺酸)] 這種，在製造 [穀胱甘肽 (Glutathione)] 的過程中，最具關鍵性的胺基酸，所以細胞來不及製造出 GSH (還原型的 穀胱甘肽 (Glutathione))，也因此細胞在情急之下只好把 GSSG 排出細胞之外，也就無法再把 GSSG 回收並且轉換成 GSH 了。

DNA 的直徑 大約是 2 nm ( 2 奈米 )。
穀胱甘肽 (Glutathione) 的大小 大約是 2.6 nm ( 2.6 奈米 )。
[L-Cystetne (半胱胺酸)] 的大小 大約是 1.2 nm ( 1.2 奈米 )。

平常被保護在 [細胞核] 內之[染色體] 中的 [DNA]，必須在多次遭受到 [多重性的攻擊 (multiple hits)] 之後，才有可能從 [正常穩定的狀態] 而被 [自由基] 竄改成為 (而突變成) [會致癌的狀態]。 [DNA] 從 [正常穩定的狀態] 因為突變，而被更改成為是 [會致癌的狀態]，這段敘述，就幾乎等同於是說，你得了癌症了！

結論：
人不可以過勞，不管你是多麼地年輕。 一旦細胞內部的 redox defense system 失去了平衡，甚至於被瓦解了，而使得細胞，相對於 過量之自由基的攻擊，呈現出 [致癌空窗期] 的狀態，這樣就會使 細胞和 DNA 處於十分危險的狀態。 這也就是為什麼，長期重複性短暫過勞 (例如 長期工作壓力過大的人)，或者是短期過勞 (例如 跑 長程馬拉松 的選手) 的人容易發生突發性的健康風險。

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手原創性地寫作於 西元 2009-05-21

湯偉晉 先生
WeiJin Tang
電子郵件
WeiJin.Tang@gmail.com
行動電話
0958-227-243
中華民國_台北市_天母_臥龍崗

「喜樂的心是一帖良藥」
聖經中的箴言

「助人為快樂之本」
青年守則

「我的恩典夠你用」
聖經中的箴言

「神賜給我們的乃是剛強、仁愛、謹守的心。」
聖經中的箴言

「真正的愛可以遮掩一切的過錯」
湯偉晉 曾經在 基督教 的書籍中看到過，而記下來的一句話。

[多層次及多方位的思維模式] 是 [湯偉晉先生] 所使用的思維模式。

教育從來就不是中立的 [2009-05-10](IR90)

教育從來就不是中立的 [2009-05-10](IR90)

教育從來就不是中立的；它不是讓人得以自由，就是讓人在不知不覺之中成為奴隸，卻不自知。

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 寫於 西元 2009-05-10

Inspired by a western educator, (I'm not sure what exactly his name is)


2009-05-26

File Index: 0001
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Keywords:
TextOnImage_教育從來就不是中立的_[2009-05-10](IR90)_[2009-05-26].gif

Number of attached files: 
1

 

WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉) at 台北市立圖書館_天母分館 [2009-05-18]; Try to learn something new everyday is an important habit.

May 20, 2009; 12:47:02 m.m. Taipei Time

Try to learn something new everyday is an important habit.

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 2009-05-20
WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉) at 台北市立圖書館_天母分館 [2009-05-18]

偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民 [2009-05-19]

 

May 17, 2009; 11:07:49 a.m. Taipei Time

 

偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民

 

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 2009-05-17

 

2009-05-19

File Index: 0001
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Keywords:
偉大的國家都會不斷地研發和運用高品質的軟體人類來教育她的人民

Number of attached files: 
1

 

The Secret of Life and Death - a Scientific Approach (生老病死的秘密 - 從科學的觀點切入) [2009-05-06]

The Secret of Life and Death - a Scientific Approach  (生老病死的秘密 - 從科學的觀點切入) [2009-05-06]

The Secret of Life and Death - a Scientific Approach
生老病死的秘密 - 從科學的觀點切入

Title of the presentation WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉) presented to the 5070退休樂活論壇 at Taipei on May 6, 2009

Accumulated effort is the only proven means for accomplishing any dream!

Accumulated effort is the only proven means for accomplishing any dream!

The CEO of a company needs to guarantee that his company is moving toward a better direction; any time-reversal mistake should be prevented if at all possible.

Accumulated effort is the only proven means for accomplishing any dream!

Written by WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉)
March 17, 2006


2009-04-29

File Index: 0001
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TextOnImage_Accumulated_effort_is_the_only_proven_means_for_accomplishing_any_dream!_[2009-04-29].gif
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Keywords:
Accumulated effort is the only proven means for accomplishing any dream!

Number of attached files: 
1

「偉大的公司會不斷地改善她自己；與時俱進，而不是墨守成規。」; A Great Company Keeps Improving Herself.

偉大的公司會不斷地改善她自己 (A Great Company Keeps Improving Herself.)

2008-07-18

A Great Company Keeps Improving Herself.

偉大的公司會不斷地改善她自己 (A Great Company Keeps Improving Herself.)

「偉大的公司會不斷地改善她自己；與時俱進，而不是墨守成規。」

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手寫於 2008-07-18

A Great Company Keeps Improving Herself.  I mean Google is a great company from her we all have to learn and learn hard.

by WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉) at [WeiJin.Tang@gmail.com] on [2008-07-18]

A Great Company Keeps Improving Herself.

A great company keeps improving herself; I mean companies like Google, Microsoft and Intel are great companies from them we all have to learn and learn hard.

by WeiJin Tang (湯偉晉) at [WeiJin.Tang@gmail.com] on [2008-07-18]

2009-04-29
File Index: 0001
Original file name (原始的檔案名稱):
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Keywords:
偉大的公司會不斷地改善她自己_(A_Great_Company_Keeps_Improving_Herself.)
Number of attached files: 
1

Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR93)[2007]; 我們應該高度讚賞和尊崇，這些科學家的勤奮與努力，和他們既傑出又驚人的偉大貢獻。

April 14, 2009; 03:58:07 p.m. Taipei Time

Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR93)[2007]; 我們應該高度讚賞和尊崇，這些科學家的勤奮與努力，和他們既傑出又驚人的偉大貢獻。

We should highly appreciate and respect the diligent efforts and phenomenal contributions of these scientists.
(我們應該高度讚賞和尊崇，這些科學家的勤奮與努力，和他們既傑出又驚人的偉大貢獻。)

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手逐字地寫於 西元 2009-04-14


Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR93)[2007] 001.PNG
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR93)[2007] 002.PNG
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR93)[2007] 003.PNG
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR93)[2007] 01.PNG
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease (IR94)[2007] 02.PNG
Progression of heart failure and the role of oxidative stress and peroxynitrite [2007](IR88).PNG

盡心盡力地教導自己的部屬，讓他們也可以像自己一樣地成長和茁壯。

盡心盡力地教導自己的部屬，讓他們也可以像自己一樣地成長和茁壯。


只要你是一個移動的目標，你的部屬將永遠追不上你。所以，請您務必盡心盡力，好好地教導和幫助您的部屬，讓他們可以與您一起成長和茁壯。

湯偉晉 (WeiJin Tang) 親手逐字地寫於 西元 2009-04-29

盡心盡力地教導自己的部屬，讓他們也可以像自己一樣地成長和茁壯。
Version 1.00.01; Last Updated on [2009-04-29-AM-00-23-14]

2009-04-29

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Keywords:
盡心盡力地教導自己的部屬，讓他們也可以像自己一樣地成長和茁壯。

Number of attached files: 
1

Chemical Biology of DNA Damage Associated with Inflammation - Problems and Prospects of Using DNA Lesions as Biomarkers of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress [2006](IR90)

April 14, 2009; 03:20:22 p.m. Taipei Time

Chemical Biology of DNA Damage Associated with Inflammation - Problems and Prospects of Using DNA Lesions as Biomarkers of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress [2006](IR90) 01.PNG
Chemical Biology of DNA Damage Associated with Inflammation - Problems and Prospects of Using DNA Lesions as Biomarkers of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress [2006](IR90) 02.PNG
Chemical Biology of DNA Damage Associated with Inflammation - Problems and Prospects of Using DNA Lesions as Biomarkers of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress [2006](IR90) 03.PNG

累積人生的智慧 [2009-03-31]

2009-03-30

 

「肯承認錯誤並虛心改進的人才能增長智慧。」

 

恭錄自 證嚴法師 所述的 [靜思語] 一書

 

 

2009-03-30

 

累積人生的智慧

 

「能夠不恥下問，可以虛心接受別人的批評，又能勇於承認自身的錯誤，並且願意針對問題之所在，主動進取地採取實際的行動，確確實實地著手去進行自我改革的人，自然就能夠與時俱進，不斷地累積出真正屬於自己的智慧。」

 

湯偉晉 （WeiJin Tang） 親手逐字地寫於 西元 2009-03-30

 

2009-03-31

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Keywords:
累積人生的智慧_[2009-03-31]

Number of attached files: 
1

 

URL of Google Sites used by WeiJin Tang at [WeiJin.Tang@gmail.com] [2009-03-27]

2009-03-27

URL of  Google Sites used by WeiJin Tang at [WeiJin.Tang@gmail.com]

http://sites.google.com/site/WeiJinTang/

善解科技 - 為這個世界打造一個更美好的未來[2009-02-23].PNG

2009-02-23

善解科技 - 為這個世界打造一個更美好的未來

SoftHuman Corporation - Build a better future for the whole world.

Drawing by [Douglas Tang (湯傑堯)][2009-03-12](IR88) (1_of_4)(for BlogSpot)(40PoO).jpg

March 13, 2009; 06:11:19 p.m. Taipei Time

Drawing by [Douglas Tang (湯傑堯)][2009-03-12](IR88) (1_of_4)(for BlogSpot)(40PoO).jpg

Drawing by [Douglas Tang (湯傑堯)]{Dolphin (海豚)}(IR92)[2004-08-04](50PoO).jpg

The major determinants (決定因素) of GSH synthesis are the availability of cysteine, and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, g-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS)[1999](IR90)

 

The major determinants (決定因素) of GSH synthesis are the availability of cysteine, and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, g-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS)[1999](IR90)

 

Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies SHELLY C. LU

USC Liver Disease Research Center, the Division of Gastrointestinal (胃腸的) and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA

 

ABSTRACT

 

Glutathione (GSH) is an important intracellular peptide with multiple functions ranging from antioxidant defense to modulation of cell proliferation. GSH is synthesized in the cytosol (【生物學】細胞溶質) of all mammalian (哺乳動物(的)) cells in a tightly regulated manner. The major determinants (決定因素) of GSH synthesis are the availability of cysteine, the sulfur amino acid precursor, and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, g-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS). In the liver, major factors that determine the availability of cysteine are diet, membrane transport activities of the three sulfur amino acids cysteine, cystine and methionine, and the conversion of methionine to cysteine via the trans-sulfuration pathway. Many conditions alter GSH level via changes in GCS activity and GCS gene expression. These include oxidative stress, activators of Phase II detoxifying enzymes, antioxidants, drug-resistant tumor cell lines, hormones, cell proliferation, and diabetes mellitus (糖尿病). Since the molecular cloning (複製) of GCS, much has been learned about the regulation of this enzyme. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms modulate the activity of this critical cellular enzyme.

 

Lu, S. C. Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies. FASEB J. 13, 1169-1183 (1999)

 

Key Words:

g-glutamylcysteine synthetase , cysteine availability , detoxification , antioxidant